Although brain imaging is predominantly performed using X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound could play a unique role due to its low cost, portability, and real-time capability, filling critical gaps in settings where CT and MRI are unavailable, impractical, or unsuitable. Despite this promise, transcranial ultrasound imaging in adults remains limited because the human skull introduces severe attenuation, phase aberration, and reverberation of ultrasound waves. This talk presents recent efforts in computational imaging to address these challenges and to advance transcranial ultrasound brain imaging. Specifically, we will introduce methods for correcting skull-induced phase aberration; evaluate the accuracy and computational efficiency of different aberration correction strategies; describe progress in skull acoustic property characterization and modeling; present the development and validation of a new numerical simulation framework for realistic skull modeling; and discuss technical innovations to improve full-waveform inversion for transcranial brain imaging.